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Perovskite (structure) Perovskite solar cell materials from Wikipedia

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Perovskite (structure) Perovskite solar cell materials from Wikipedia

Perovskite solar cell materials

Synthetic perovskites have been identified as possible inexpensive base materials for high-efficiency commercial photovoltaics[9] – they showed a conversion efficiency of up to 15%[10] and can be manufactured using the same thin-film manufacturing techniques as that used for thin film silicon solar cells.[11] A group of methylammonium tin and lead halides is of interest for use in dye-sensitized solar cells.[12][13] In 2014, efficiencies have reached up to 20.1% certified power conversion efficiency.

Another approach uses organic-inorganic perovskite-structured semiconductors, the most common of which is the triiodide (CH
3NH
3PbI
3
). They exhibit high charge carrier mobility and charge carrier lifetime that allow light-generated electrons and holes to move far enough to be extracted as current, instead of losing their energy as heat within the cell. CH
3NH
3PbI
3
effective diffusion lengths are some 100 nm for both electrons and holes.[14]

These perovskites are deposited by low-temperature solution methods (typically spin-coating). Other low-temperature (below 100°C) solution-processed films tend to have considerably smaller diffusion lengths. Stranks et al. described nanostructured cells using a combination of methylammonium iodide and lead iodide with a small amount of chloride substitution and demonstrated one amorphous thin-film solar cell with an 11.4 % conversion efficiency, and another that reached 15.4 % using vacuum evaporation. The film thickness of about 500 to 600 nm implies that the electron and hole diffusion lengths were at least of this order. They measured values of the diffusion length exceeding 1 µm for the mixed perovskite, an order of magnitude greater than the 100 nm for the pure iodide. They also showed that carrier lifetimes in the mixed perovskite are longer than in the pure iodide.[14]

For CH
3NH
3PbI
3
, open-circuit voltage (VOC) typically approaches 1 V, while for CH
3NH
3PbI(I,Cl)
3
, VOC > 1.1 V has been reported. Because the band gaps (Eg) of both are 1.55 eV, VOC-to-Eg ratios are higher than usually observed for similar third-generation cells. With higher band-gap perovskites, VOC up to 1.3 V has been demonstrated.[14]

The technique offers the potential of low cost because of the low temperature solution methods and the absence of rare elements. Cell durability is currently insufficient for commercial use.[14]

Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells can be manufactured in simplified device architectures (without complex nanostructures) using only vapor deposition. This technique produces 15% solar-to-electrical power conversion as measured under simulated full sunlight. [15]

Lasers[edit]

Also in 2014 researchers demonstrated that perovskite can generate laser light. Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) cells fashioned into optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) convert visible pump light to near-IR laser light with a 70% efficiency.[16][17]

Photoelectrolysis[edit]

In Sep. 2014, researchers of EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland reported achieving water electrolysis at 12.3% efficiency in a highly efficient and low-cost water-splitting cell using perovskite photovoltaics.[18][19]


Researcs started using Organometal trihalide perovskite semiconductors (CH3NH3)PbX3 (X can be iodime, bromine or chlorine). Perfirmance of Perivskite-containing solar cells has skyrocketed, initially Perovskites were used as dye, replacements in dye- sensiteized solar cells.


Perovskite compounds have attracted recently great attention in photovoltoic research, the devices are typically fabricated using condensed or mesooporous TiO2 as the electron transport layer and 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-dip-methoxyphenylamine)9,9'-Spirobifluorene as the hole transport layer, However, the hight-temperature processing requirement of the TiO2 layer could hinder the windespread adoption of the technology.

Structure as: TiO2/ perovskite / Spiro-OMeTAD from Oxford

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